Residues and Contaminants in Fresh Vegetables from Conventional Cultivation, 2016
Ein Bericht aus unserem Laboralltag
Kathi Hacker, Ellen Scherbaum, Alexander Lemke
In 2016 a total of 883 samples of fresh vegetables from conventional cultivation were analyzed by CVUA Stuttgart for residues of over 700 different pesticides, pesticide metabolites, and contaminants. In all, 805 of these samples (91%) contained residues from a total of 202 different pesticide substances (compared to 210 substances in 2015; 208 in 2014; and 199 in 2013). A total of 4,011 residues were found (according to the legal definition; see also Annex 4). There were exceedances of the Maximum residue level (MRL) in 143 vegetable samples (16%) - see Table 1. The rate of MRL violations was similar to that of the previous year (16% in 2015 and 2014; 4.4% in 2013; 6.4% in 2012; and 7% in 2011). This is attributable to the expansion of the investigative spectrum to include polar pesticides, as well as to the high number of MRL exceedances for the substance chlorate, at a total of 106 vegetable samples.
Expansion of the investigative spectrum
The QuPPe-method (see also http://quppe.eu), was again used in 2016 to routinely analyze all samples for very polar substances that couldn’t be detected with the QuEChERS multi-residue method. Typical agents in this group include the fungicides fosetyl and phosphonic acid, the herbicide chlorate, and perchlorate, which has been categorized as a contaminant.
Detailed results
Table 1 gives an overview of all vegetable samples, by country of origin.
Fresh Vegetables |
German
Samples |
Other EU Samples
|
Third Country Samples
|
Origin Unknown
|
Total Samples
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of samples |
423
|
312
|
107
|
41
|
882
|
Samples w/ residues |
363 (86 %)
|
301 (96 %)
|
105 (98 %)
|
40 (98 %)
|
808 (92 %)
|
Samples > MRL** |
45 (11 %)
|
61 (20 %)
|
29 (27 %)
|
8 (20 %)
|
143 (16 %)
|
Average pesticide amount (mg/kg) |
1.7
|
2.6
|
2.9
|
2.1
|
2.2
|
Ave. pesticide content excluding fosetyl (sum) (mg/kg)* |
0.42
|
1.2
|
1.8
|
0.48
|
0.88
|
Ave. pesticide content excluding bromide and fosetyl (sum) (mg/kg)* |
0.38
|
0.55
|
0.65
|
0.16
|
0.46
|
Ave. no. substances per sample |
3.7
|
5.3
|
5.1
|
5.8
|
4.5
|
The samples came from 35 different countries, with most originating in Germany (423), Spain (105), Italy (96), the Netherlands (55), and Turkey (21). The highest rates of MRL exceedances were in samples from Belgium (30%), Turkey (24%), and Spain (23%). When comparing the number of pesticide substances used, one must consider that the individual cultures are grown in different climate zones, and are thus burdened to different degrees by pests. It is therefore necessary to take individual, often different measures of plant protection. An average of 4.5 different substances was detected per sample, although the local samples scored better, at 3.7 substances. Excluding fosetyl (sum) and bromide, the average amount of pesticide residues overall was 0.46 mg/kg and, for the German-grown samples, 0.38 mg/kg. Tables 2 to 6 provide an overview of the analytical results for the different vegetable categories. Annex 1 lists the MRL exceedances for conventionally cultivated fresh vegetables, and annexes 2 and 3 show the frequency distribution of the detected substances.
Vegetable Type |
No.
Samples |
Samples w/
Residues |
Samples w/
Multiple Residues |
Samples
> MRL |
No
Findings > MRL |
Substances > MRL** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leafy vegetables |
343
|
326 (95 %)
|
295 (86 %)
|
63 (18 %)
|
74
|
Chlorate (49x); Fosetyl, sum (3x); Dithiocarbamates (2x); Pyraclostrobin (2x); Nicotine (2x); Dikegulac; Chlorpyrifos; Sulfotep; Chlorpyrifos-methyl; Profenofos; Acetamiprid; Methiocarb, sum; Carbofuran, sum; Fluometuron; Metobromuron; Dimethomorph; Boscalid; Formetanate; Dodine; Cypermethrin; Iprodione |
Fruiting vegetables |
321
|
293 (91 %)
|
256 (80 %)
|
56 (17 %)
|
63
|
Chlorate (40x); 4-CPA (4x); Fosetyl, sum (3x); Chlorfenapyr (3x); Flonicamid, sum (3x); Chlorpyrifos-methyl; Ethion; Carbofuran, sum; Methomyl, sum; Diafenthiuron; Hexaconazole; Permethrin; Azoxystrobin; Metominostrobin; Emamectin B1a/B1b |
Sprout vegetables |
130
|
104 (80 %)
|
70 (54 %)
|
16 (12 %)
|
16
|
Chlorate (10x); Fosetyl, sum (4x); Fluazifop, total; Dimethomorph |
Root vegetables |
87
|
80 (92 %)
|
76 (87 %)
|
7 (8 %)
|
8
|
Chlorate (6x); Chlorthal-dimethyl; Fosetyl, sum |
Vegetable mixtures |
2
|
2*
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
Chlorate |
TOTAL |
883
|
805 (91 %)
|
699 (79 %)
|
143 (16 %)
|
|
Presentation of results for each category of vegetable
Leafy vegetables contained an average of 5.5 different substances. With a rate of 0.95 mg pesticide per kg (average, excluding bromide and fosetyl (sum)), they had the highest residue amount of all types of vegetables. In particular, many herb and lettuce samples contained numerous as well as high amounts of pesticides (see also Illustration 1). The worst case was a sample of dill from Spain, which contained 23 different substances.
Matrix |
No. Samples
|
Samples w/ Residues
|
Samples w/ Multiple Residues
|
Samples > MRL
|
Substances > MRL** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild garlic | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Basil | 8 | 8 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 3 | Chlorate (2x); Fluometuron |
Batavia lettuce | 2 | 2* | 2 | 1 | Fosetyl, sum |
Celery | 6 | 6 (100%) | 6 (100%) | 4 (67%) | Chlorate (4x) |
Chicory | 9 | 9 (100%) | 9 (100%) | 3 (33%) | Chlorate (3x) |
Chinese cabbage |
9 | 9 (100%) | 7 (78%) | 1 (11%) | Fosetyl, sum |
Dill | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | Chlorate (2x) |
Oakleaf lettuce | 14 | 13 (93%) | 12 (86%) | 2 (14%) | Acetamiprid; Chlorate; Formetanate |
Iceberg lettuce | 28 | 28 (100%) | 26 (93%) | 2 (7%) | Carbofuran, sum; Chlorate |
Endive | 5 | 5 (100%) | 4 (80%) | 0 | |
Lambs lettuce | 24 | 24 (100%) | 24 (100%) | 6 (25%) | Chlorate (6x) |
Frisee lettuce | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Kale | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Chervil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Head lettuce | 42 | 39 (93%) | 37 (88%) | 9 (21%) | Chlorate (9x) |
Coriander | 8 | 8 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 5 (63%) | Chlorate (5x); Chlorpyrifos; Cypermethrin; Profenofos; Sulfotep |
Spring onion | 16 | 16 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 1 (6%) | Dithiocarbamates |
Lollo | 14 | 13 (86%) | 12 (86%) | 3 (21%) | Chlorate (3x) |
Dandelion | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Chard | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | Chlorate; Dithiocarbamates; Metobromuron; Nicotine |
Mint | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | Chlorate |
Pak choi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Iprodione |
Parsley | 20 | 20 (100%) | 19 (95%) | 3 (15%) | Chlorpyrifos-methyl; Dodine; Fosetyl, sum; Pyraclostrobin |
Leek | 23 | 23 (100%) | 21 (91%) | 1 (43%) | Chlorate; Methiocarb, sum |
Radicchio | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Romaine lettuce | 9 | 9 (100%) | 9 (100%) | 2 (22%) | Chlorate (2x) |
Brussels sprouts | 15 | 15 (100%) | 15 (100%) | 0 | |
Rosemary | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | Boscalid; Chlorate; Dimethomorph; Pyraclostrobin |
Red cabbage | 6 | 5 (83%) | 3 (50%) | 0 | |
Rucola | 8 | 8 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 3 (38%) | Chlorate (3x) |
Chives | 9 | 7 (77%) | 6 (67%) | 0 | |
Spinach | 14 | 12 (86%) | 9 (64%) | 4 (33%) | Chlorate (3x); Nicotine |
Thyme | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
White cabbage | 17 | 13 (76%) | 3 (18%) | 0 | |
Savoy cabbage | 12 | 12 (100%) | 11 (92%) | 1 (8%) | Dikegulac |
Lemon grass | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Chlorate |
TOTAL | 343 | 326 (95%) | 295 (86%) | 63 (18%) |
Most of the MRL exceedances among the leafy vegetables were for chlorate, although the amounts did not result from an herbicide application (see extra section on chlorate).
Info Box
Acute Reference Dose, ARfD
For the evaluation of plant protector substances that have a high acute toxicity and that can cause health damage after just a single or short-term intake, the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) value is appropriate to only a limited extent. Since the ADI is derived from long-term studies, it is possibly inadequate as a measure of acute risk from residues in food. Therefore, in addition to the ADI value, a further exposure limit has been established, the so-called acute reference dose (ARfD). The World Health Organization defined the ARfD as the amount of a substance one can consume over the period of one day or in one meal without resulting in any discernible health risk. Other than for the ADI, the ARfD value is not determined for every pesticide, but only for such substances that, when taken in sufficient quantities, could cause damage to one’s health even after just one exposure.
Source:
EFSA calculation model Pesticide Residue Intake Model “PRIMo” - rev.2_0
One sample of German cherries contained dimethoate (sum of omethoate and dimethoate), in the amount of 0.82 mg/kg sample. The MRL is 0.2 mg/kg. Applying EFSA’s EU-based PRIMo-Model for young children, this exhausts the ARfD by 276 % - see Info Box on acute reference dose [3]. This sample was determined to be unsafe.
One sample of iceberg lettuce from Spain contained carbofuran in an amount that exhausted the ARfD by 108%, using EFSA’s PRIMo-Model for young children. In another sample of coriander from Thailand the ARfD for chlorpyrifos based on young children was exhausted by 219%. A further Belgian leek sample exhausted the ARfD for methicarb based on young children by 331%. These three samples were determined to be unsafe and therefore not appropriate for human consumption, in accordance with Regulation (EC) 178/2002.
Fruiting vegetables contained an average of 4.5 different substances per sample, but only 0.14 mg pesticide residues (excluding bromide and fosetyl (sum)), which means the detected substances are often found in only small concentrations. This doesn’t necessarily mean, however, that fruiting vegetables are treated less often or with lower concentrations of pesticides than other types of vegetables during vegetation. Rather, it has become much more common to wash vegetables after the harvest, thereby removing pesticide residues. In the last few years, after-harvest treatment has become more and more automated and wide-spread.
Vegetable Type |
No. Samples
|
Samples w/ Residues
|
Samples w/ Multiple Residues
|
Samples > MRL
|
Substances > MRL** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aubergine |
17
|
16 (94 %)
|
13 (76 %)
|
3 (18 %)
|
Chlorate (2x); Ethion |
Bitter cucumber |
1
|
1*
|
0
|
0
|
|
Green beans |
41
|
37 (90 %)
|
33 (80 %)
|
7 (17 %)
|
Chlorate (5x); Fosetyl, sum (2x) |
Chili peppers |
8
|
8 (100 %)
|
7 (88 %)
|
5 (63 %)
|
Chlorate (3x); Azoxystrobin; Carbofuran, sum; Chlorfenapyr; Diafenthiuron; Hexaconazole; Metominostrobin |
Pickled cucumbers |
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
|
Sugarsnap peas |
5
|
4 (80 %)
|
4 (80 %)
|
1 (20 %)
|
Fosetyl, sum |
Bell peppers |
42
|
37 (88 %)
|
34 (81 %)
|
3 (7 %)
|
Chlorate (2x); Methomyl, sum |
Cucumber |
31
|
29 (94 %)
|
27 (87 %)
|
4 (13 %)
|
Chlorate (3x); Chlorfenapyr |
Pumpkin |
7
|
4 (57 %)
|
2
|
0
|
|
Melon |
37
|
37 (100 %)
|
37 (100 %)
|
7 (19 %)
|
Chlorate (6x); Chlorfenapyr; Flonicamid, sum |
Okra (Ladyfingers) |
6
|
6 (100 %)
|
5 (83 %)
|
3 (50 %)
|
Chlorate; Emamectin B1a/B1b; Flonicamid, sum; Permethrin |
Chili peppers |
3
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
Flonicamid, sum |
Broad beans |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Tomato |
81
|
73 (90 %)
|
59 (73 %)
|
12 (15 %)
|
Chlorate (11x); Chlorpyrifos-methyl |
Zucchini |
40
|
37 (95 %)
|
32 (80 %)
|
10 (25 %)
|
Chlorate (7x); 4-CPA (4x) |
TOTAL |
321
|
293 (91 %)
|
256 (80 %)
|
56 (17 %)
|
The acute reference dose (ARfD; see Info Box), based on the EFSA PRIMo-Model for young children, was exhausted by 141% by a sample of bell peppers from Morocco for the substance methomyl and by 236% by a sample of broccoli from Belgium for the substance fluazifop. These two samples were judged to be unsafe and thus not suitable for human consumption, in line with regulation (EC) 178/2002.
Sprout vegetables contained an average of 2.1 different substances and 0.22 mg pesticide residues per kg sample (average pesticide amount, excluding bromide and fosetyl (sum)).
Vegetable Type |
No. Samples
|
Samples w/ Residues
|
Samples w/ Multiple Residues
|
Samples > MRL
|
Substances > MRL** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artichoke |
5
|
4 (80 %)
|
4 (80 %)
|
0
|
|
Cauliflower |
14
|
13 (93 %)
|
6 (43 %)
|
0
|
|
Broccoli |
21
|
19 (90 %)
|
18 (86 %)
|
1 (5 %)
|
Fluazifop, total |
Fennel |
11
|
9 (82 %)
|
7 (64 %)
|
1 (9 %)
|
Chlorate |
Garlic |
2
|
1*
|
0
|
0
|
|
Kohlrabi |
26
|
24 (92 %)
|
14 (54 %)
|
5 (20 %)
|
Chlorate (4x); Dimethomorph |
Soy sprouts |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
|
Asparagus |
42
|
25 (60 %)
|
16 (38 %)
|
9 (21 %)
|
Chlorate (5x); Fosetyl, sum (4x) |
Onion |
7
|
7 (100 %)
|
5 (71 %)
|
0
|
|
TOTAL |
130
|
104 (80 %)
|
70 (54 %)
|
16 (12 %)
|
|
None of the sprout samples exceeded the acute reference dose for the substance detected. Therefore, no acute health risk was posed.
Root vegetables contained an average of 4.5 substances per sample and a comparatively low level of pesticide residues of 0.061 mg/kg sample (average pesticide amount excluding bromide and fosetyl (sum)). The detected substances were often found in only trace amounts.
Vegetable Type |
No. Samples
|
Samples w/ Residues
|
Samples w/ Multiple Residues
|
Samples > MRL
|
Substances > MRL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginger |
8
|
8 (100 %)
|
7 (88 %)
|
0
|
|
Celeriac |
16
|
16 (100 %)
|
16 (100 %)
|
1 (6 %)
|
Chlorate |
Rutabaga |
4
|
2*
|
2
|
0
|
|
Carrot |
28
|
28 (100 %)
|
28 (100 %)
|
2 (7 %)
|
Chlorate (2x) |
Parsnip |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
|
Parsley root |
3
|
3
|
3
|
0
|
|
Radish, black |
14
|
13 (93 %)
|
11 (79 %)
|
3 (21 %)
|
Chlorate (3x); |
Radish |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Beetroot |
11
|
9 (8 2%)
|
8 (73 %)
|
1 (9 %)
|
Fosetyl, sum |
TOTAL |
87
|
80 (92 %)
|
76 (87 %)
|
7 (8 %)
|
|
Multiple residues
Also in 2016 were a majority of the vegetable samples detected with multiple residues; 699 of the samples (79%) contained multiple residues. Illustration 1 depicts the number of pesticides found in the different types of vegetables in 2016.
Illustration 1: Multiple Residues in Various Types of Vegetables (CVUAS, 2016)
The number of analyzed substances has been continually adjusted and expanded over the last five years. While approximately 600 different pesticides were analyzed in 2012, the number reached 648 substances in 2016 (pursuant to the legal residue definition; see Annex 4). Expansion of the analyses and a reduction in the residue amounts as a result of after-harvest treatments (e.g. washing) have had an opposite effect on the number of pesticides that are detectable. As Illustration 2 shows, a slight increase in the number of detectable substances can be observed for the years 2012 to 2016.
The residue findings are strongly dependent on the type of sample and their country of origin. Since the particular focus and risk-oriented questions are different each year, the results from one year cannot be seen as representative of the general situation. Nevertheless, certain trends can be noted, especially when the residue situation is observed over a period of several years. Illustrations 2 and 3 show a comparison of findings over 5 years.
Illustration 2 Average number of different pesticide substances per sample in various types of vegetables (CVUAS 2012-2016; residue definitions according to legal stand in 2016)
Illustration 3 Average amount of pesticide residues ((excluding bromide and fosetyl (sum)) in different types of vegetables (CVUAS 2012-2016; residue definitions are according to legal stand in 2016)
Leafy vegetables exhibited numerous different substances and the highest amount of pesticides. Sprout vegetables had the fewest cases of multiple residues. Their average amounts of pesticide were higher than those in fruiting and root vegetables, however, which had many cases of multiple residues, but low concentrations. The continued development of after-harvest treatments probably plays a role in this reduction of residues.
Chlorate
Analogous to 2014/2015, the rate of MRL exceedances is significantly higher than in previous years. This can be ascribed to the substance chlorate, which was only analyzed in individual cases before 2014.
Chlorate residues in plant-based foods can be traced to various sources other than its application as an herbicide (see Info Box). Chlorate findings play a much greater role in vegetables than in fruits (see Illustration 4). In this reporting year chlorate was detected in 183 vegetable samples (21%), with amounts of up to 13.6 mg/kg (basil from the Netherlands). Violations occurred in 106 samples (12%), due to the exceedance of the MRL for chlorate (13% in 2015, 12% in 2014).
Illustration 4: High chlorate findings (>0.01 mg/kg); a comparison of conventional fruits and vegetables (CVUAS 2015-2016)
Info Box
Chlorate
Chlorates are effective as both herbicides and biocides. Since 2008, however, chlorate is no longer authorized for use as a pesticide in the EU. Sodium chlorate may also no longer be used in biocide products.
The definition for „pesticide residues“ in Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 also encompasses residues from pesticide substances in food (including substances no longer authorized) that have pathways other than from the use of plant protectors (so-called dual-use substances). Chlorate, as a substance that is no longer authorized, is thereby covered by the EU-wide valid default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg, in accordance with Reg. (EC) No. 396/2005.
The presence of chlorate in food can result not only from its use as a pesticide, but also due to environmental pollution (contaminated rain- or irrigation water and soil), or as a residual of food production techniques, including methods used in farming, processing, preparation, or treatment. The application of biocides, from which chlorate can result, is another possible source of contamination. In general, chlorate can be formed as a by-product of the disinfection of drinking/ industrial water with chlorine gas, hypochlorite, or chlorine dioxide. However, no limit value for chlorate in drinking water has been established by the drinking water ordinance.
Chlorate inhibits, reversibly, the intake of iodine into the thyroid gland and can cause unwanted health effects, especially in sensitive people such as children, pregnant women, or people with thyroid dysfunction. In addition to affecting thyroid function, chlorate can also damage the erythrocytes (formation of methaemoglobin, haemolysis).
The member states are carrying out a monitoring program to determine the degree of food and drinking water contamination, in order to provide data for a toxicological evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Specific residue MRLs will then be established based on this information.
The European Food Safety Authority established an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.036 mg chlorate per kg body weight. Applying the PRIMo model based on small children, and using a variability factor of 1, none of the samples exceeded the toxicological reference value. No acute health risk was thus determined.
Phosphonic Acid and Fosetyl
Phosphonic acid is included in the MRL for fosetyl (sum of fosetyl and phosphonic acids and their salts, calculated as fosetyl). Phosphonic acid was detected in 194 samples of vegetables (22%), in amounts up to 84 mg/kg (= 113 mg fosetyl, sum). Only four samples were detected with fosetyl per se (3x lettuce, 1x tomato). The analyzed samples contained an average of 1.3 mg fosetyl (sum) per kg vegetable. Violations occurred in 11 samples (1 %) due to exceedances of the MRL for fosetyl, sum. The average rate of pesticide per sample is strongly influenced by the comparatively high average amount of fosetyl residues. Therefore, Table 1 presents the average rates of pesticides per sample both with and without fosetyl (sum).
Info Box
Phosphonic Acid and Fosetyl
Both fosetyl and phosphonic acid are fungicides that are authorized for use in the EU, and fall under the applications area of Reg. (EC) No. 396/2005, regardless of their path of entry.
In addition to their use as fungicides, it is conceivable that phosphonate containing fertilizers could also present a source of entry. The categorization of phosphonic acids as a fungicide precludes this application for some years now. The still high findings indicate that plants retain the phosphonic acids, and only eliminate them over a period of time.
Bromide
Bromide (degradation product of the fumigant methyl bromide) tends to appear more frequently and in higher amounts in vegetable samples. Bromide can also occur naturally, as it comes from the soil. Therefore, only amounts >10 mg/kg are included in the assessment, to be sure that the detected bromide is indeed the result of an application of the fumigant methyl bromide. Bromide amounts >10 mg/kg were detected in 53 samples, with quantities up to 49 mg/kg. None of the samples were found to be in violation due to an exceedance of the MRL for bromide. Since the average pesticide amount is strongly influenced by the high levels of bromide, the statistics presented in Table 1 are also provided without bromide.
Because methyl bromide is a fast-acting, effective fumigant, it was widely used over a long period of time. Methyl bromide is very damaging to the ozone layer, however. In 1987, therefore, an international contract was made among 175 countries (The Montreal Protocol), in which the countries agreed to limit the use of methyl bromide until 2015, using alternative fumigants. A reduction of bromide residues is therewith expected in the coming years.
Perchlorate
Perchlorates are the salts of perchloric acid. They are generally soluble in water, and exist permanently in the environment. Their occurrence is either anthropogenic (caused by humans) or natural, existing in mineral deposits. Perchlorate is also formed as a result of oxidative processes in the atmosphere, and deposits itself onto dust particles. The industrial use of perchlorates is extensive and diverse: they are used in the metal processing industry, in paper finishing, as a diuretic, as an oxidant, and as an explosive and incendiary device. A further mode of entry could be the use of Chile saltpeter as fertilizer. This fertilizer is extracted mainly from natural deposits found in the Atacama Desert. Perchlorate is concentrated in such dry areas because it can’t get into the water cycle where it could be slowly degraded by microorganisms [3]. In the European Union perchlorates are currently neither authorized for use as a plant protectant nor as a biocide. Perchlorate findings, therefore, fall under the regulations for contaminants, which contain a general minimization imperative for foreign substances in food as a preventative measure for protection of consumers [4].
Perchlorate was found in 29% of the conventionally produced vegetable samples, although in very small concentrations. Fewer than 1% of the samples contained more than 0.1 mg/kg (see Table 7).
Vegetable type | Amount in sample (mg(kg) |
---|---|
Lettuce |
0.18
|
Chard |
0.18
|
Spinach |
0.89
|
Rucola |
0.12
|
Rosemary |
0.15
|
Coriander |
0.26
|
Green beans |
0.21
|
Melon |
0.16
|
Unauthorized Use of Pesticides
For samples produced in Germany it was also checked whether the detected substances were authorized for the use on the specific crops. If the MRLs according to Reg. (EC) 396/2005 are adhered to, these goods are marketable. But the situation will be investigated, nevertheless, by the responsible authorities. The residue findings for unauthorized substances in vegetable samples from Germany are presented in Table 8.
Vegetable Type |
No. Samples from Germany
|
Samples w/ Substances Unauthorized in Germany
|
Samples w/ Substances Unauthorized for this Culture
|
Unauthorized Substances* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leafy vegetables |
216
|
1
|
8
|
Pendimethalin (2x); Chlormequat; Dikegulac; Prosulfocarb; Metobromuron; Mandipropamid; Fluazifop, total |
Fruiting |
83
|
2
|
2
|
Pyridaben; Spiromesifen |
Sprout vegetables |
66
|
1
|
1
|
Dikegulac |
Root vegetables |
56
|
0
|
1
|
Triadimefon, sum; Tebuconazole |
Vegetable mix |
2
|
0
|
0
|
- |
TOTAL |
423
|
4 (1 %)
|
12 (3 %)
|
|
None of matrices was particularly notable regarding unauthorized substances. There were just two findings, where the use wasn’t authorized for that crop; both corianders containing pendimethalin. The quantity detected, however, did not exceed the MRL in both cases. Four samples contained substances that were not authorized in Germany at all: spiromesifen in tomatoes, dikegulac in asparagus and savoy cabbage, and pyridaben in aubergines.
Info Box
Indication Authorization
((§ 12 (1) Plant Protection Law))
The Indication Authorization law has been valid for all pesticides since 1 July, 2001. It states that the substances in question are authorized, but may be utilized only within the scope of application stipulated in the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety‘s (BVL) authorization databank.
Furthermore, the responsible authorities of the German states can, in accordance with § 22 of the plant protection law, determine certain conditions under which permission can be given in individual cases for the use of authorized pesticides in other areas. The Agricultural Technology Center Augustenberg is the responsible authority In Baden-Württemberg. This permission is only valid for the applicant operator and the specified surface area.
Photo credits
CVUA Stuttgart, pesticide laboratory
References
[2] Entscheidung der Kommission vom 10. November 2008 über die Nichtaufnahme von Chlorat in Anhang I der RL 91/414/EWG des Rates und die Aufhebung der Zulassungen für Pflanzenschutzmittel mit diesem Stoff (ABl. L307/7 vom 18.11.2008)
[3] Bericht des Umweltbundesamtes vom 18.09.2012 über das Vorkommen und die Verwendung von Perchloraten sowie deren wesentliche Eintragspfade in Lebensmittel
[4] Statement as regards the presence of perchlorate in food on 10 March 2015 (updated 23 June 2015)
Annexes
Substance | Matrix found in exceedance of MRL |
---|---|
4-CPA |
Zucchini (Turkey 4x) |
Acetamiprid |
Oakleaf lettuce (Italy) |
Azoxystrobin |
Chili peppers (Uganda) |
Boscalid |
Rosemary (Germany) |
Carbofuran, sum |
Iceberg lettuce (Spain); Chili peppers (Not Specified) |
Chlorate |
Head lettuce (Belgium 2x, France 2x, Italy 2x, Germany 3x); Romaine lettuce (Spain 2x); Green beans (Kenya, Germany 4x); Tomato (Spain, Netherlands 4x, Belgium 2x, Germany 3x, France); Chicory (Germany 3x); Asparagus (Peru 3x, Spain 2x); Spinach (Not Specified, Italy 2x); Radish, black ~ (Not Specified, Israel, Germany); Lambs lettuce (Germany 6x); Kohlrabi (Spain 2x, Italy 2x); Zucchini (Spain 4x, Not Specified, Turkey, Germany); Iceberg lettuce (Spain); Chili peppers (Thailand, Uganda, Netherlands); Coriander (Israel 2x, Germany 2x, Thailand); Mint (Israel); Dill leaves (Spain, Germany); Celery (Spain 2x, Italy, Germany); Celeriac (Germany); Vegetable mixture (Germany); Aubergine (Spain, Netherlands); Carrot (Not Specified, South Africa); Rucola (Italy 3x); Cucumber (Netherlands 3x); Oakleaf lettuce (Germany); Melon (Italy, Spain 4x); Lollo (Germany 3x); Lemon grass (Thailand); Leek (Belgium); Bell peppers (Hungary, Germany); Watermelon (Spain); Basil (Israel, Netherlands); Chard (Not Specified); Rosemary (Israel); Fennel (Italy); Okra (Ladyfingers) (Cameroon) |
Chlorfenapyr |
Cucumber (Italy); Melon (Italy); Chili peppers (Not Specified) |
Chlorpyrifos |
Coriander (Thailand) |
Chlorpyrifos-methyl |
Parsley (Not Specified); Tomato (Spain) |
Chlorthal-dimethyl |
Radish, black ~ (Not Specified) |
Cypermethrin |
Coriander (Thailand) |
Diafenthiuron |
Chili peppers (Pakistan) |
Dikegulac |
Savoy cabbage (Germany) |
Dimethomorph |
Rosemary (Germany); Kohlrabi (Germany) |
Dithiocarbamates |
Spring onion (Germany); Chard (Not Specified) |
Dodine |
Parsley (Italy) |
Emamectin B1a/B1b |
Okra (Ladyfingers) (India) |
Ethion |
Aubergine (Laos) |
Flonicamid, sum |
Okra (Ladyfingers) (Not Specified); Chili peppers (Turkey); Melon (Spain) |
Fluazifop, Total |
Broccoli (Belgium) |
Fluometuron |
Basil (Israel) |
Formetanate |
Oakleaf lettuce (Italy) |
Fosetyl, sum |
Sugarsnap peas (Kenya); Parsley (Germany); Batavia lettuce (Italy); Chinese cabbage (Germany); Asparagus (Germany 4x); Green beans (Morocco, Egypt); Beetroots (Germany) |
Hexaconazole |
Chili peppers (Not Specified) |
Iprodione |
Pak choi (Netherlands) |
Methiocarb, sum |
Leek (Belgium) |
Methomyl, sum |
Bell peppers (Morocco) |
Metobromuron |
Chard (Germany) |
Metominostrobin |
Chili peppers (Not Specified) |
Nicotine |
Spinach (Germany); Chard (Not Specified) |
Permethrin |
Okra (Ladyfingers) (Cameroon) |
Profenofos |
Coriander (Thailand) |
Pyraclostrobin |
Rosemary (Germany); Parsley (Italy) |
Sulfotep |
Coriander (Thailand) |
Annex 2: Frequency of detection of the most important substances* for fresh vegetables, itemized by type of vegetable, as percent of analyzed samples (CVUAS, 2016)
Pesticides and Metabolites |
No. of findings
|
mg/kg
|
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 0.01
|
< 0.05
|
< 0.2
|
< 1
|
< 5
|
< 20
|
> 20
|
Max.
|
||
Boscalid |
279
|
172
|
62
|
27
|
11
|
5
|
1
|
1
|
34.1 |
Azoxystrobin |
249
|
163
|
54
|
20
|
5
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
7.2 |
Fosetyl. sum |
194
|
0
|
0
|
28
|
51
|
87
|
15
|
13
|
113 |
Chlorate |
184
|
68
|
67
|
31
|
16
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
13.6 |
Iprodione |
134
|
72
|
22
|
16
|
17
|
5
|
2
|
0
|
10.6 |
Difenoconazole |
127
|
72
|
42
|
12
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
3.5 |
Cyprodinil |
113
|
75
|
23
|
9
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
3.2 |
Dimethomorph |
106
|
62
|
28
|
11
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
31.1 |
Imidacloprid |
106
|
70
|
27
|
8
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.26 |
Fludioxonil |
104
|
80
|
14
|
6
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
2.5 |
Pendimethalin |
102
|
80
|
18
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.28 |
Spirotetramat. sum |
96
|
36
|
38
|
18
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.94 |
Metalaxyl (-M) |
94
|
72
|
16
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.3 |
Fluopyram |
93
|
56
|
25
|
12
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.18 |
Pyraclostrobin |
87
|
55
|
19
|
7
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
4.7 |
Chlorantraniliprole |
85
|
60
|
23
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.094 |
Thiamethoxam |
80
|
56
|
19
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.16 |
Propamocarb |
79
|
20
|
25
|
13
|
10
|
11
|
0
|
0
|
3.2 |
lambda-Cyhalothrin |
74
|
43
|
20
|
11
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.18 |
Acetamiprid |
70
|
45
|
15
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
3.1 |
Tebuconazole |
62
|
39
|
15
|
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.22 |
Clothianidin |
59
|
56
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.028 |
Bromide* |
53
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
48
|
5
|
48.7 |
Propamocarb-N-oxide |
51
|
19
|
15
|
14
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.31 |
Thiacloprid |
51
|
40
|
9
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.081 |
Mandipropamid |
45
|
14
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1.6 |
Chlorpyrifos |
44
|
35
|
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
15.9 |
Cypermethrin |
44
|
26
|
10
|
5
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
18.9 |
Indoxacarb |
44
|
30
|
9
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.26 |
Propamocarb-N-desmethyl |
44
|
21
|
19
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.15 |
Triadimefon. sum |
44
|
29
|
13
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.14 |
Acetamiprid metabolite IM-2-1 |
39
|
24
|
14
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.085 |
Dithiocarbamates |
37
|
0
|
2
|
19
|
13
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
1.9 |
Metalaxyl metabolite CGA 94689 |
36
|
30
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.18 |
Fluopicolide |
35
|
20
|
7
|
7
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.39 |
Spinosad |
33
|
28
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1.2 |
Flonicamid. sum |
31
|
14
|
7
|
2
|
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.6 |
Linuron |
30
|
23
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.037 |
Pyrimethanil |
29
|
16
|
11
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.074 |
Flutriafol |
27
|
20
|
4
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.081 |
Pirimicarb. sum |
26
|
20
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.086 |
Metrafenone |
24
|
16
|
5
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.35 |
Iprodione metabolite RP 30228 |
23
|
6
|
11
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.48 |
Myclobutanil |
23
|
21
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.088 |
Pymetrozine |
22
|
15
|
4
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.11 |
Spiromesifen |
22
|
9
|
11
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.074 |
Trifloxystrobin |
22
|
17
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.036 |
Deltamethrin |
21
|
13
|
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.16 |
Chloridazon-desphenyl |
19
|
10
|
8
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.1 |
Propyzamide |
19
|
17
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.022 |
Aclonifen |
16
|
13
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.024 |
BAC (n=8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18) |
16
|
1
|
14
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.058 |
Naphthalene acetamide |
15
|
14
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.025 |
Chlorothalonil |
15
|
4
|
3
|
5
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.85 |
Penconazole |
15
|
12
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.03 |
Imazalil |
14
|
7
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.79 |
Cyflufenamid |
13
|
12
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.016 |
Fenhexamid |
13
|
3
|
7
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
12.2 |
Hexythiazox |
13
|
9
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.036 |
Prosulfocarb |
13
|
10
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.044 |
Ametoctradin |
12
|
8
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.093 |
Dimethoate. sum |
12
|
12
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008 |
Emamectin B1a/B1b |
12
|
9
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.03 |
Famoxadone |
12
|
7
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.078 |
Pyriproxyfen |
12
|
9
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.072 |
DDAC (n=8. 10. 12) |
11
|
0
|
9
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.059 |
Prothioconazole-desthio |
11
|
7
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.028 |
Terbutylazine-desethyl |
11
|
11
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Triflumizole. sum |
11
|
8
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.038 |
Bifenazate. sum |
10
|
4
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.15 |
Chlorpropham |
10
|
8
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.018 |
Cyfluthrin |
10
|
7
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.022 |
Folpet |
10
|
8
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.046 |
Gibberellic acid |
10
|
1
|
9
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.021 |
Metribuzin |
10
|
10
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Chlorothalonil-4-hydroxy |
9
|
5
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.021 |
DDT. sum |
9
|
9
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Fenpyrazamine |
9
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.029 |
Metalaxyl metabolite CGA 108905 |
9
|
9
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006 |
Carbendazim. sum |
8
|
6
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.054 |
Clomazone |
8
|
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005 |
Cyprodinil metabolite CGA 304075 |
8
|
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006 |
Epoxiconazole |
8
|
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Fluazifop |
8
|
5
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.039 |
Azadirachtin A |
7
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.62 |
Flubendiamide |
7
|
2
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.041 |
Pyridaben |
7
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.1 |
Pyridalyl |
7
|
3
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.066 |
Terbuthylazine |
7
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.009 |
4-CPA |
6
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.07 |
Abamectin. sum |
6
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008 |
Chlorpyrifos-methyl |
6
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.94 |
Cyazofamid |
6
|
2
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.038 |
Cyromazine |
6
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.062 |
Diphenylamine |
6
|
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.022 |
Methoxyfenozide |
6
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.82 |
Oxadiazon |
6
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.035 |
Pirimicarb-desamido |
6
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Quinoxyfen |
6
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.009 |
Tebufenpyrad |
6
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
1-Naphthylacetic acid |
5
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008 |
2.4-D |
5
|
5
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Boscalid metabolite M 510F01 |
5
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.012 |
Chlorfenapyr |
5
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.078 |
Aldrin/Dieldrin. sum |
5
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.013 |
Ethofumesate |
5
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.021 |
Etofenprox |
5
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.021 |
ETU |
5
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.02 |
Fenpyroximate |
5
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.089 |
Fosthiazate |
5
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.038 |
Maleic hydrazide |
5
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
8.2 |
Methiocarb. sum |
5
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.39 |
Piperonyl butoxide |
5
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.012 |
Prochloraz. sum |
5
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.033 |
Anthraquinone |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Bupirimate |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008 |
Fenpropidin |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005 |
Fipronil. sum |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Kresoxim-methyl |
4
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.018 |
Lufenuron |
4
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.049 |
MCPA |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Metobromuron |
4
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.029 |
Nicotine |
4
|
1
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.023 |
Pirimicarb. desmethyl-formamido |
4
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006 |
Spinetoram |
4
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.012 |
Tebufenozide |
4
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.13 |
Thiabendazole |
4
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.013 |
Tolclofos-methyl |
4
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.077 |
Trimethylsulfonium cation |
4
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.14 |
Buprofezin |
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.015 |
Chlorthal-dimethyl |
3
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.16 |
Clofentezine |
3
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.11 |
Dikegulac |
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.02 |
Endosulfan. sum |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Etoxazole |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Fenarimol |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Hexaconazole |
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.012 |
Metalaxyl metabolite CGA 67869 |
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.23 |
Metamitron |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005 |
Pirimicarb-desamido-desmethyl |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006 |
Pirimiphos-methyl |
3
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.046 |
Profenofos |
3
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
2.2 |
Quizalofop. sum |
3
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Spirodiclofen |
3
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.025 |
Teflubenzuron |
3
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.052 |
Acrinathrin |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006 |
Benzyladenine |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006 |
Bifenthrin |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005 |
Carbofuran. sum |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.02 |
Cymoxanil |
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.032 |
Cyproconazole |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
DEET |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Ethirimol |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Zoxamide |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.044 |
Fluazifop. total |
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.69 |
Flufenacet |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Fluxapyroxad |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Formetanate |
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.029 |
Metaflumizone |
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.75 |
Methomyl. sum |
2
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.056 |
Metolachlor. sum |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Oxamyl-oxime |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.008 |
Procymidone |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Spiroxamine |
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.012 |
Tetraconazole |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.009 |
Thiophanate-methyl |
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
2-Naphthoxyacetic acid |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Benalaxyl |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006 |
Benfluralin |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.013 |
Bentazone |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.01 |
Bromoxynil |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Captan |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.04 |
Chlormequat |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.014 |
Clopyralid |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.007 |
Diafenthiuron |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.15 |
Dicofol |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Dinotefuran |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006 |
Diuron |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Dodine |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.29 |
Ethephon |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.098 |
Ethion |
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.42 |
Fenamiphos. sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.006 |
Fenbuconazole |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Fenpropimorph |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Flonicamid metabolite TFNA-AM |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Fluacrypyrim |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Fluometuron |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.025 |
Fluoxastrobin |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Fluroxypyr |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Flurprimidol |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Flusilazole |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Haloxyfop |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Icaridin |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Iprovalicarb |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Isoprothiolane |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Isoproturon |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005 |
Ivermectin |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.01 |
Lenacil |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Mepanipyrim |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.089 |
Metconazole |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Methabenzthiazuron |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Metominostrobin |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.038 |
Novaluron |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Oxamyl |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Pencycuron |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Permethrin |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.19 |
Phenmedipham |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.032 |
Phorate. sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.005 |
Propiconazole |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
PTU |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.024 |
Pyridate. sum |
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.056 |
Quintozene. sum |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.001 |
Sulfotep |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.015 |
Tefluthrin |
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.026 |
Tepraloxydim |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Tetradifon |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.004 |
Thiabendazole-5-hydroxy |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.002 |
Tri-Allate |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Tricyclazole |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Vinclozolin |
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.003 |
Parameter | Included in the residue definition and analytically recorded |
---|---|
Abamectin |
Avermectin B1a |
Aldicarb. sum |
Aldicarb |
Amitraz. sum |
Amitraz |
Benzalkonium chloride. sum (BAC) |
Benzyldimethyloctylammonium chloride (BAC-C8) |
Carbofuran. sum |
Carbofuran |
DDT. sum |
DDE. pp- |
Dialkyldimethylammonium chloride. sum (DDAC) |
Dioctyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC-C8) |
Dieldrin. sum |
Dieldrin |
Dimethoate. sum |
Dimethoate |
Disulfoton. sum |
Disulfoton |
Endosulfan. sum |
Endosulfan. alpha- |
Fenamiphos. sum |
Fenamiphos |
Fenthion. sum |
Fenthion |
Fipronil. sum |
Fipronil |
Flonicamid. sum |
Flonicamid |
Fosetyl. sum |
Fosetyl |
Glufosinate. sum |
Glufosinate |
Heptachlor. sum |
Heptachlor |
Malathion. sum |
Malathion |
Methiocarb. sum |
Methiocarb |
Methomyl. sum |
Methomyl |
Milbemectin |
Milbemectin A3 |
Oxydemeton-S-methyl. sum |
Oxydemeton-methyl |
Parathion-methyl. sum |
Parathion-methyl |
Phorate. sum |
Phorate |
Phosmet. sum |
Phosmet |
Pirimicarb. sum |
Pirimicarb |
Prochloraz. sum |
Prochloraz |
Pyrethrins. sum |
Pyrethrin I |
Pyridate. sum |
Pyridate |
Quintozene. sum |
Quintozene |
Sethoxydim. sum |
Sethoxydim |
Spirotetramate. sum |
Spirotetramate. |
Terbufos. sum |
Terbufos |
Thiamethoxam. sum |
Thiamethoxam |
Tolylfluanid. sum |
Tolylfluanid |
Triadimefon. sum |
Triadimefon |
Triflumizol |
Triflumizol |
Translated by:
Catherine Leiblein